Shroud of Turin

There are supported witnesses of the legitimacy of the burial cloth from earlier history. Gregory Referenda in A.D. 944 gave a sermon on the subject of the burial cloth. Another witness of the Shroud is the Codex Pray, an Illuminated manuscript written in Budapest, Hungary between A.D. 1192 and 1195. The burial of Jesus with an image and cloth identical to that on the Shroud is depicted within its five illustrations.

The earliest record of the Shroud besides the New Testament Gospels is the Gospel of the Hebrews, the original letter to the Hebrew-speaking people written by Matthew. Later translated to Greek as found in the first Book of the New Testament, some of its content was apparently left out during translation according to those who cited from it such as St. Jerome of Alexander. The Gospel mentions the burial cloth of Jesus.

Also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, lately translated by me into Greek and Latin speech, which

Origen

often uses, tells, after the resurrection of the Saviour:

'Now the Lord, when he had given the linen cloth unto the servant of the priest

went unto James and appeared to him (for James had sworn that he

would not eat bread

from that hour wherein he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen

again from among them that

sleep)', and again after a little, 'Bring ye, saith the Lord, a table and bread',

and immediately it is added, 'He

took bread and blessed and brake and gave it unto James the Just and

said unto him: My brother, eat thy

bread, for the Son of Man is risen from among them that sleep' (Kirby).

More recent scientific research has been conducted to examine the Shroud. In 1978, a scientific analysis was made by STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project). Specifically assigned for this task was a group of American scientists. Their initial analysis proved that the image on the Shroud was not made by paint or any other medium. After many hours of observation, the science experts concluded that they could not explain how the image on the Shroud was made (Shwortz, "A Summary").

In 1988, samples from the Shroud cloth were given to three different laboratories who used carbon dating on the cloth. They gave the Shroud a dating of A.D. 1260-1390 based on the carbon samples ("Nature"). The piece cut from the Shroud for the test was taken from its corner.

Chemist Ray Rodgers, one of the leading scientists of STURP, was later given information that the original carbon dating results could be inaccurate. It was reported that the cloth piece taken from the corner of the Shroud for chemical analysis could have been a late medieval patchwork and not part of the original Shroud. Based on this information, Rogers re-examined some of the material from the Shroud which he was able to obtain in his possession. His investigation in the matter was to prove that the carbon dating was accurate. To his surprise, the results he obtained from further analysis showed to be the opposite. His final report made in 2004 of the analysis testify that both a vanillin test and current carbon dating prove the sample cloth taken from the Shroud to be a medieval piece of material stitched in with the original Turin cloth. His work shows the Shroud is actually much older than the original carbon dating test results. He concluded that the Shroud is very likely to be the original burial cloth of Jesus.

It is difficult to achieve an accurate carbon dating of the Shroud because a chemical treatment was more recently used in the box where the Shroud is kept to get rid of a bug infestation, a treatment known to flaw proper carbon analysis. The Catholic Church currently holds the"charred" sample contents of the Shroud which could be used to get more accurate results.

An interesting fact about the crucifixion of Christ is that medieval and more recent pictures often depict the Lord as having been crucified through the palms of the hands. Archaeological finds show the victims of crucifixion in early first century Rome were nailed through the wrists of the hands (Caramelli). The wrists were considered part of the hands, i.e "in his hands the print of the nails" (John 20:25). In common with the archaeological finds, the man on the Shroud received nails through the wrists. The feet of crucifixion victims received nails through the ankle ("New Evidence").

The image on the Shroud also shows the man to have been viciously beaten before being crucified. Its detailed analysis coincides with the four gospels although they underscore how much torture Christ suffered as evidenced on the Shroud. Like the man of the gospels (John 19:1), the man on the Shroud received lashes on his back from a Roman flagrum.

Further evidence of the Shroud as the actual burial cloth of Christ can be found from its cloth consistency and similarities with the face cloth of Christ, and matching pollen grains and coins used (on his eyes) that date to the time of Christ (first century) and where He was crucified (Jerusalem).

How did the image of the man appear on the Shroud? This is a question that many "experts" have been trying to answer but so far have failed. Dr. Guy, who is well-known for his lecture presentations, discusses these failed hypotheses and how the image could have been made ( "The Most Comprehensive Presentation...4" ).

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STURP members and lots of Shroud info with frequent updates including info on Sudarium of Oviedo face cloth of Jesus (Cathedral of Oviedo in Spain). Includes frequent updates, (edited by Shwortz, an original STURP member).

Shroud info including chemist Ray Rogers' carbon dating analysis, STURP, scientific VP 8 analyzer proving Shroud to be a 3D image (unlike any other "photo"), and Shroud placed in thymol treated box which would cause further carbon dating of Shroud to be extremely difficult.

The Shroud an eyewitness to the resurrection, biblical descriptions of Jesus relative to the Shroud, Sudarium of Oviedo face cloth of Jesus comparison to Shroud showing identical description of face and matching blood type, and pollens from plant used as crown of thorns and limestone on Shroud dating to first century Jerusalem.

Caramelli etal. A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883_A_multidisciplinary_study_of_calcaneal_trauma_in_Roman_Italy_a_possible_case_of_crucifixion. Accessed 19 August 2018.


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	Shroud of Turin

	In the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, northern Italy there is a burial cloth called the Shroud of Turin. To some, this Shroud is still a mystery. Many Catholic and other Christians believe it to be the actual burial cloth of Jesus. The gospels tell us there was such a cloth (John 20:5-8). But is the Shroud currently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin the actual burial cloth of Christ as described by the Gospels? This is a question that has been of much debate for many years. In 1390, Bishop Pierre d'Arcis wrote a memorandum to Pope Clement VII declaring the Shroud a forgery and a painting, and claiming that there was a confession by the person who did the artwork. There is no name given as to who this supposed forger was. Claiming the Shroud a forgery could have been the Bishop's attempt to reroute the masses going to see the Shroud. The bishop wanted to update the cathedral in Troyes(France), and needed the income from the masses to do so.


	There are supported witnesses of the legitimacy of the burial cloth from earlier history. Gregory Referenda in A.D. 944 gave a sermon on the subject of the burial cloth. Another witness of the Shroud is the Codex Pray, an Illuminated manuscript written in Budapest, Hungary between A.D. 1192 and 1195. The burial of Jesus with an image and cloth identical to that on the Shroud is depicted within its five illustrations. The earliest record of the Shroud besides the New Testament Gospels is the *Gospel of the Hebrews,* the original letter to the Hebrew-speaking people written by Matthew. Later translated to Greek as found in the first Book of the New Testament, some of its content was apparently left out during translation according to those who cited from it such as St. Jerome of Alexander. The Gospel mentions the burial cloth of Jesus. Also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, lately translated by me into Greek and Latin speech, which Origen often uses, tells, after the resurrection of the Saviour: 'Now the Lord, when he had given the linen cloth unto the servant of the priest, went unto James and appeared to him (for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour wherein he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen again from among them that sleep)', and again after a little, 'Bring ye, saith the Lord, a table and bread', and immediately it is added, 'He took bread and blessed and brake and gave it unto James the Just and said unto him: My brother, eat thy bread, for the Son of Man is risen from among them that sleep' (Kirby). More recent scientific research has been conducted to examine the Shroud. In 1978, a scientific analysis was made by STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project). Specifically assigned for this task was a group of American scientists. Their initial analysis proved that the image on the Shroud was not made by paint or any other medium. After many hours of observation, the science experts concluded that they could not explain how the image on the Shroud was made (Shwortz, "A Summary"). In 1988, samples from the Shroud cloth were given to three different laboratories who used carbon dating on the cloth. They gave the Shroud a dating of A.D. 1260-1390 based on the carbon samples ("Nature"). The piece cut from the Shroud for the test was taken from its corner. Chemist Ray Rodgers, one of the leading scientists of STURP, was later given information that the original carbon dating results could be inaccurate. It was reported that the cloth piece taken from the corner of the Shroud for chemical analysis could have been a late medieval patchwork and not part of the original Shroud. Based on this information, Rogers re-examined some of the material from the Shroud which he was able to obtain in his possession. His investigation in the matter was to prove that the carbon dating was accurate. To his surprise, the results he obtained from further analysis showed to be the opposite. His final report made in 2004 of the analysis testify that both a vanillin test and current carbon dating prove the sample cloth taken from the Shroud to be a medieval piece of material stitched in with the original Turin cloth. His work shows the Shroud is actually much older than the original carbon dating test results. He concluded that the Shroud is very likely to be the original burial cloth of Jesus. The disappearance of all traces of vanillin from the lignin in the shroud indicates a much older age than the radiocarbon laboratories reported...Because the shroud and other very old linens do not give the vanillin test, the cloth must be quite old. It is thus very unlikely that the linen was produced during medieval times...The presence of alizarin dye and red lakes in the Raes and radiocarbon samples indicates that the color has been manipulated. Specifically, the color and distribution of thecoating implies that repairs were made at an unknown time with foreign linen dyed to match the older original material.Such repairs were suggested by Benford and Marino [8,9]. The consequence of this conclusion is that the radiocarbon sample was not representative of the original cloth. A new radiocarbon analysis should be done on the charred material retained from the 2002 restoration...Because the storage conditions through the centuries are unknown, a more accurate age determination will require new radiocarbon analyses with several fully characterized and carefully prepared samples (Rodgers). Further carbon dating is needed if a more precise dating is to be acquired. It is difficult to achieve an accurate carbon dating of the Shroud because a chemical treatment was more recently used in the box where the Shroud is kept to get rid of a bug infestation, a treatment known to flaw proper carbon analysis. The Catholic Church currently holds the"charred" sample contents of the Shroud which could be used to get more accurate results. An interesting fact about the crucifixion of Christ is that medieval and more recent pictures often depict the Lord as having been crucified through the palms of the hands. Archaeological finds show the victims of crucifixion in early first century Rome were nailed through the wrists of the hands (Caramelli). The wrists were considered part of the hands, i.e "in his hands the print of the nails" (John 20:25). In common with the archaeological finds, the man on the Shroud received nails through the wrists. The feet of crucifixion victims received nails through the ankle ("New Evidence"). The image on the Shroud also shows the man to have been viciously beaten before being crucified. Its detailed analysis coincides with the four gospels although they underscore how much torture Christ suffered as evidenced on the Shroud. Like the man of the gospels (John 19:1), the man on the Shroud received lashes on his back from a Roman flagrum. Further evidence of the Shroud as the actual burial cloth of Christ can be found from its cloth consistency and similarities with the face cloth of Christ, and matching pollen grains and coins used (on his eyes) that date to the time of Christ (first century) and where He was crucified (Jerusalem). How did the image of the man appear on the Shroud? This is a question that many "experts" have been trying to answer but so far have failed. Dr. Guy, who is well-known for his lecture presentations, discusses these failed hypotheses and how the image could have been made ( "The Most Comprehensive Presentation...4" ). The figure on the Shroud appears to have been translated by light, i.e. the resurrection. The image of the man on the Shroud is not an image of death but of life. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *For further info about the Shroud of Turin, visit these links:* http://www.shroud.com/ (Shwortz, "Welcome") STURP members and lots of Shroud info with frequent updates including info on Sudarium of Oviedo face cloth of Jesus (Cathedral of Oviedo in Spain). Includes frequent updates, (edited by Shwortz, an original STURP member). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhFh5DPmJLo ("Shroud of Turin") Shroud info including chemist Ray Rogers' carbon dating analysis, STURP, scientific VP 8 analyzer proving Shroud to be a 3D image (unlike any other "photo"), and Shroud placed in thymol treated box which would cause further carbon dating of Shroud to be extremely difficult. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSotRPtPArI ("Shroud is Eyewitness") The Shroud an eyewitness to the resurrection, biblical descriptions of Jesus relative to the Shroud, Sudarium of Oviedo face cloth of Jesus comparison to Shroud showing identical description of face and matching blood type, and pollens from plant used as crown of thorns and limestone on Shroud dating to first century Jerusalem. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHVUGK6UFK8 ("Particle Physicist") How was the image created on the Shroud? The resurrection universal influence. The image on the Shroud an enactment of the beginning of life. Shroud Homepage image by "The Real Face of Jesus." Artist Ray Downing. https://ray-downing.pixels.com/ Shroud image photos. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Works Cited Caramelli etal. A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883_A_multidisciplinary_study_of_calcaneal_trauma_in_Roman_Italy_a_possible_case_of_crucifixion. Accessed 19 August 2018. Downing, Ray. Ray Downing. https://ray-downing.pixels.com/. Accessed 19 November 2018. Kirby, Peter. "Gospel of the Hebrews." Early Christian Writings. 19 August 2018. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelhebrews.html. "Nature."Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Vol. 337, No. 6208, pp. 611-615, 16th February, 1989. Accessed 19 August 2018. "New Evidence: Roman Crucifixion and Shroud of Turin." YouTube. Uploaded by shroudofturinnews, 16 October 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZUShJ3-Qwk "Particle Physicist explains Event Horizon, 'Proof of the Shroud of Turin and Jesus' Resurrection.'" YouTube. Uploaded by starbehindclosedoor, 13 November 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHVUGK6UFK8. Rogers, Raymond N. *Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the shroud of turin* 21136. Doc, 14 April 2014. Accessed 19 August 2018. Schwortz, Barrie M. "A Summary of STURP's Conclusions." Shroud of Turin Website. https://www.shroud.com/78conclu.htm. Accessed 19 August 2018. Schwortz, Barrie M. Welcome to the Shroud of Turin Website. Shroud of Turin Education and Research Association, Inc. (STERA, Inc.), 2018, http://www.shroud.com/. Accessed 23 August 2018. "Shroud is Eyewitness to the Resurrection." YouTube. Uploaded by GoodShepard Film Productions, 8 May 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSotRPtPArI. "Shroud of Turin 'The New Evidence.'" YouTube. Uploaded by Thy Second Coming, 29 July 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhFh5DPmJLo. "The Most Comprehensive Presentation on the Shroud on YouTube 4." YouTube. Uploaded by William Guy, 8 March 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ka7In1SWF0. "The Real Face of Jesus.History Channel. Trey Nelson, 2010.